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The Biogeochemical Acidification and Carbonate Dissolution of Coral Reefs
The progressive acidification of global oceans represents a profound disruption of marine biogeochemistry, illustrating how atmospheric emissions induce systemic alterations in planetary ecosystems. Since the onset of the Industrial Revolution, the marine absorption of approximately thirty percent of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions has driven a measurable reduction in ocean surface pH. When dissolved carbon dioxide reacts with seawater, the formation of carbonic acid and its subsequent dissociation into bicarbonate ions causes a concurrent depletion of free carbonate ions. This chemical alteration directly impairs the biomineralization capacity of hermatypic scleractinian corals and crustose coralline algae, which rely on the saturation of aragonite for the precipitation and maintenance of their calcium carbonate skeletons.
The ecological consequence of this saturation attenuation is the widespread deceleration of skeletal calcification across tropical reef systems. Long-term