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Hydrological Dynamics and Mangrove Resilience in the Sundarbans Delta
Spanning the international frontier between southwestern Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal, the Sundarbans constitutes the largest contiguous mangrove forest on Earth. This vast wetland ecosystem occupies the low-lying delta formed by the confluence of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers as they empty into the Bay of Bengal. The survival of this halophytic forest hinges upon a fragile balance between seasonal freshwater discharge and diurnal marine tides. While the former dilutes estuarine salinity during the monsoon, the latter inundates the intertidal mudflats twice daily with dense saltwater. Without such regular tidal flushing, toxic levels of salt would accumulate across the root systems of pioneer vegetation, precipitating severe canopy dieback.
The mangrove biome relies predominantly on specialized tree species like Heritiera fomes and Excoecaria agallocha. These resilient halophytes