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Parallel Lives, Symmetrical Minds: Syntactic Balance in Classical Biography
When Plutarch composed his Parallel Lives at the turn of the second century, he pioneered a biographical method based on direct ethical comparison. By pairing eminent Greeks with Roman statesmen - Alexander with Julius Caesar, Demosthenes with Cicero - Plutarch illuminated character through structural symmetry. When John Dryden and his circle translated these biographies into seventeenth-century English, they recognized that Plutarch's comparative vision required a corresponding syntax. To convey moral equilibrium, the translators mobilized intricate syntactic parallelism, matching coordinate clauses and rhythmic balances across every chapter. The architecture of the prose became an exact reflection of Plutarch's comparative philosophy.
Syntactic parallelism operates by aligning grammatical units of identical structure, creating a cadence that pleases the ear while clarifying intellectual contrast. In Dryden's rendering, descriptions of martial valor and political ambition unfold through matched pairs of infinitives, correlative conjunctions, and balanced participial phrases.