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Notice , at the end , how subtly Portia reconciles the two declarations which are contained in the slip , how she resolves the contradiction between them and finally still manages to keep her promise : " * * * but if mine , then yours , And so all yours . " Another thinker , alien to the field of medicine , accidentally disclosed the meaning of errors by an observation which has anticipated our attempts at explanation . You all know the clever satires of Lichtenberg ( 1742 - 1749 ) , of which Goethe said , " Where he jokes , there lurks a problem concealed . " Not infrequently the joke also brings to light the solution of the problem . Lichtenberg mentions in his jokes and satiric comments the remark that he always read " Agamemnon " for " angenommen , " [ 9 ] so intently had he read Homer . Herein is really contained the whole theory of misreadings . At the next session we will see whether we can agree with the poets in their conception of the meaning of psychological errors . THIRD LECTURE THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ERRORS — ( Continued ) AT the last session we conceived the idea of considering the error , not in its relation to the intended act which it distorted , but by itself alone , and we received the impression that in isolated instances it seems to betray a meaning of its own . We declared that if this fact could be established on a larger scale , then the meaning of the error itself would soon come to interest us more than an investigation of the circumstances under which the error occurs . Let us agree once more on what we understand by the " meaning " of a psychic process . A psychic process is nothing more than the purpose which it serves and the position which it holds in a psychic sequence . We can also substitute the word " purpose " or " intention " for " meaning " in most of our investigations . Was it then only a deceptive appearance or a poetic exaggeration of the importance of an error which made us believe that we recognized a purpose in it ? Let us adhere faithfully to the illustrative example of slips of the tongue and let us examine a larger number of such observations . We then find whole categories of cases in which the intention , the meaning of the slip itself , is clearly manifest . This is the case above all in those examples in which one says the opposite of what one intended . The president said , in his opening address , " I declare the meeting closed . " His intention is certainly not ambiguous . The meaning and purpose of his slip is that he wants to terminate the meeting . One might point the conclusion with the remark " he said so himself . " We have only taken him at his word . Do not interrupt me at this point by remarking that this is not possible , that we know he did not want to terminate the meeting but to open it , and that he himself , whom we have just recognized as the best judge of his intention , will affirm that he meant to open it . In so doing you forget that we have agreed to consider the error entirely by itself . Its relation to the intention which it distorts is to be discussed later . Otherwise you convict yourself of an error in logic by which you smoothly conjure away the problem under discussion ; or " beg the question , " as it is called in English .
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