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SEVENTEENTH LECTURE GENERAL THEORY OF THE NEUROSES The Meaning of the Symptoms IN the last lecture I explained to you that clinical psychiatry concerns itself very little with the form under which the symptoms appear or with the burden they carry , but that it is precisely here that psychoanalysis steps in and shows that the symptom carries a meaning and is connected with the experience of the patient . The meaning of neurotic symptoms was first discovered by J . Breuer in the study and felicitous cure of a case of hysteria which has since become famous ( 1880 - 82 ) . It is true that P . Janet independently reached the same result ; literary priority must in fact be accorded to the French scholar , since Breuer published his observations more than a decade later ( 1893 - 95 ) during his period of collaboration with me . On the whole it may be of small importance to us who is responsible for this discovery , for you know that every discovery is made more than once , that none is made all at once , and that success is not meted out according to deserts . America is not named after Columbus . Before Breuer and Janet , the great psychiatrist Leuret expressed the opinion that even for the deliria of the insane , if we only understood how to interpret them , a meaning could be found . I confess that for a considerable period of time I was willing to estimate very highly the credit due to P . Janet in the explanation of neurotic symptoms , because he saw in them the expression of subconscious ideas ( idées inconscientes ) with which the patients were obsessed . But since then Janet has expressed himself most conservatively , as though he wanted to confess that the term " subconscious " had been for him nothing more than a mode of speech , a shift , " une façon de parler , " by the use of which he had nothing definite in mind . I now no longer understand Janet's discussions , but I believe that he has needlessly deprived himself of high credit . The neurotic symptoms then have their meaning just like errors and the dream , and like these they are related to the lives of the persons in whom they appear . The importance of this insight into the nature of the symptom can best be brought home to you by way of examples . That it is borne out always and in all cases , I can only assert , not prove . He who gathers his own experience will be convinced of it . For certain reasons , however , I shall draw my instances not from hysteria , but from another fundamentally related and very curious neurosis concerning which I wish to say a few introductory words to you . This so - called compulsion neurosis is not so popular as the widely known hysteria ; it is , if I may use the expression , not so noisily ostentatious , behaves more as a private concern of the patient , renounces bodily manifestations almost entirely and creates all its symptoms psychologically . Compulsion neurosis and hysteria are those forms of neurotic disease by the study of which psychoanalysis has been built up , and in whose treatment as well the therapy celebrates its triumphs . Of these the compulsion neurosis , which does not take that mysterious leap from the psychic to the physical , has through psychoanalytic research become more intimately comprehensible and transparent to us than hysteria , and we have come to understand that it reveals far more vividly certain extreme characteristics of the neuroses .
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