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The mid - nineteenth century witnessed the rapid expansion of London and a consequent deterioration in urban mobility . The concentration of industries and the influx of workers led to the severe congestion of the city's surface streets . Recognising the urgency of the situation , Charles Pearson proposed the construction of a subterranean railway to facilitate the movement of commuters . The initial assessment of Pearson's proposal generated considerable scepticism . Critics argued that the excavation of deep tunnels would cause the collapse of adjacent buildings and the destabilisation of the urban infrastructure . Furthermore , the operation of steam locomotives in enclosed spaces raised significant concerns regarding the accumulation of toxic smoke and the suffocation of passengers . Despite this opposition , the parliamentary approval for the Metropolitan Railway was granted in 1854 . The actual commencement of the project faced numerous delays , primarily due to the difficulty in the procurement of adequate funding . The eventual resolution of these financial constraints allowed for the initiation of the ' cut - and - cover ' method , which involved the digging of deep trenches along existing roadways and the subsequent installation of brick arches . The inauguration of the railway in 1863 was met with widespread public astonishment . The immediate popularity of the service demonstrated a clear validation of Pearson's vision . During its first year , the achievement of carrying over nine million passengers highlighted a dramatic improvement in urban transit and a notable reduction of surface traffic . The subsequent development of the network involved the transition to electric traction , which eliminated the unpleasantness of smoke inhalation . This technological advancement permitted the creation of deeper ' tube ' lines and the continuous expansion of the system . Today , the management of this vast infrastructure remains a complex logistical challenge . Have you ever considered the immense preparation required for the implementation of a major public transport system ? What do you think is the most significant achievement of modern urban planning ?
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