Genome editing after the 2018 twins claim
A C1 Spanish analysis of the 2018 genome-editing case and the WHO governance response.
De las gemelas editadas al marco y las recomendaciones de la OMS
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About this article
What you'll learn
Vocabulary for bioethics, oversight, accountability and hypothetical argument.
A factual analysis of the reported genome-edited twins, somatic versus heritable editing, and the WHO framework and recommendations published in 2021.
After reading
Article learning block
Phrases, words, grammar, and quick practice from this text.
Phrases for training
Add useful phrases to SRS or mark them as already known.
no dependía únicamente de
newdid not depend solely on
The phrase rejects a single condition as sufficient.
Useful for qualifying an argument and introducing additional criteria.
Aun cuando
neweven if
It introduces a concession that does not alter the main conclusion.
Useful for testing an argument under a contrary assumption.
De ahí que
newhence
It links evidence to a consequence and takes the subjunctive.
Useful for expressing a reasoned consequence.
La cuestión de fondo
newthe underlying issue
It refers to the central problem beneath the immediate details.
Useful for moving an argument to its deeper level.
Key words
Vocabulary that carries the school-day topic.
heredable
heredable
heritable
It describes a change that could pass to later generations.
Useful for distinguishing germline editing from somatic editing.
gobernanza
gobernanza
governance
It is the system of rules, institutions and processes used to oversee an activity.
Useful in texts about science policy.
supervisión
supervisión
oversight
It means structured monitoring and control of an activity.
Useful for discussing responsible research.
rendición de cuentas
rendición de cuentas
accountability
It is the obligation to explain decisions and accept responsibility for them.
Useful for discussing public institutions and ethics.
salvaguardias
salvaguardias
safeguards
They are measures designed to prevent harm or abuse.
Useful for evaluating rules around risky technologies.
línea germinal
línea germinal
germline
It refers to reproductive cells and the biological line through which DNA can be inherited.
Useful for understanding heritable genome editing.
Grammar in context
Patterns from the text worth noticing after reading.
se hubiera verificado
se hubiera verificado
had been verified
The pluperfect subjunctive follows a past expression that denies this condition was sufficient.
Useful for discussing a prior hypothetical event.
fueran reales
fueran reales
were real
The imperfect subjunctive follows aun cuando in a hypothetical concession.
Useful for conceding a possibility without changing a conclusion.
no se reduzcan
no se reduzcan
are not reduced
De ahí que triggers the present subjunctive reduzcan.
Useful for expressing a consequence derived by the writer.
si una intervención fuera segura
Si una intervención fuera segura
if an intervention were safe
The imperfect subjunctive presents a hypothetical condition; the conditional states its consequence.
Useful for evaluating an unreal or uncertain scenario.
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