When Time Runs West: Advanced Spanish Reading
Examine two Pormpuraaw studies on spatial language and non-verbal timelines, including what their results do and do not establish.
Cuando el tiempo corre hacia el oeste
Tap any word to see its translation
2010, . , .
. , ; , . , ; , . , .
, . , 2010 .
2012, . , . ; .
. , .
: . , . .
. ; ; . , .
: . , .
¿ ? ¿ ? ¿ ?
Keep reading with translations
Create a free account: 7 days of Pro, then 20 word translations a day or a paid plan.
About this article
What you'll learn
research vocabulary, cautious argumentation, concessive subjunctive, evidential limits and correlation versus causation
The article reconstructs studies from 2010 and 2012 comparing body-relative and cardinal representations of time, then separates the observed pattern from stronger causal claims.
After reading
Article learning block
Phrases, words, grammar, and quick practice from this text.
Phrases for training
Add useful phrases to SRS or mark them as already known.
con independencia de la posición del cuerpo
newregardless of body position
Con independencia de excludes the following factor from the stated relationship.
Useful for describing an invariant experimental pattern.
no demostraba por sí solo
newdid not demonstrate on its own
Por sí solo limits what one piece of evidence can establish without additional support.
Essential language for cautious evaluation of evidence.
Hay un matiz decisivo
newthere is a crucial nuance
Matiz names a distinction that modifies an apparently simple interpretation.
Useful for introducing a qualification in formal argument.
Conviene separar tres afirmaciones
newit is useful to separate three claims
Conviene plus infinitive recommends an analytical step without issuing a direct command.
Useful for structuring a careful argument.
En las cuatro orientaciones cardinales descritas
newin the four cardinal orientations described
The phrase limits the statement to the four cardinal orientations described in the study: north, south, east and west.
It marks the exact scope of the evidence as the four described cardinal orientations.
Key words
Vocabulary that carries the school-day topic.
Temporal sequences
secuencias temporales
temporal sequences
A secuencia temporal is an ordered series of moments or events.
Central terminology for the experimental task.
Cardinal directions
puntos cardinales
cardinal directions
Puntos cardinales refers to north, south, east and west.
Necessary for understanding the east-to-west result.
Frame of reference
marco de referencia
frame of reference
A marco de referencia is a coordinate system used to locate or compare positions.
Key vocabulary in research on spatial cognition.
Covaried
covariaban
covaried
Covariar means that two measured patterns change in relation to one another; it does not by itself establish causation.
Helps distinguish association from a causal conclusion.
Randomised trial
ensayo aleatorizado
randomised trial
An ensayo aleatorizado assigns participants to conditions by chance.
Useful for identifying a limit of an observational comparison.
Causal relationship
relación causal
causal relationship
A relación causal claims that one factor produces a change in another.
Essential vocabulary for evaluating research conclusions.
Grammar in context
Patterns from the text worth noticing after reading.
Se plus plural verb
se orientaron de este a oeste
were oriented from east to west
Se orientaron presents the result without naming an external agent, and the plural verb agrees with las series.
Useful for impersonal academic description.
Indirect question with qué
qué factor había producido el patrón
which factor had produced the pattern
Qué retains its accent in an indirect question, and había producido places the cause before the study's interpretation.
Useful for formulating unresolved research questions.
Subjunctive after no significa que
no significa que una gramática determine
it does not mean that a grammar determines
No significa que rejects an inference, so determine appears in the present subjunctive.
Essential for limiting an overstrong conclusion.
Proportional comparison
Cuanto más precisa sea nuestra afirmación, más útil será la evidencia
the more precise our claim is, the more useful the evidence will be
Cuanto más...más links two changes proportionally; sea is subjunctive and será presents the resulting future assessment.
Useful for expressing a relationship between two degrees.
Read a book in Spanish
All C2 books
Comments
Log in to leave a comment
LoginNo comments yet. Be the first!