Before Terraforming Mars: Ethics and Planetary Protection - C2
Read a C2 Spanish analysis grounded in NASA research, the Outer Space Treaty and COSPAR planetary protection policy.
Antes de terraformar Marte: una ética para decisiones irreversibles
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About this article
What you'll learn
Ethics and space-policy vocabulary, concessions, hypothetical conditions, evidence thresholds and advanced argumentation.
A C2 Spanish article separating the technical, legal and moral questions raised by terraforming Mars and irreversible planetary intervention.
After reading
Article learning block
Phrases, words, grammar, and quick practice from this text.
Phrases for training
Add useful phrases to SRS or mark them as already known.
conviene separar tres preguntas
newit is worth separating three questions
Conviene followed by an infinitive presents an advisable analytical step.
Useful for structuring a complex argument.
no equivale a una autorización moral
newdoes not amount to moral authorization
No equivale a rejects the idea that two different standards have the same meaning.
Useful for distinguishing law from ethics.
comprometer el estudio del origen de la vida
newcompromise the study of the origin of life
Comprometer means putting the quality or reliability of something at risk.
Useful for discussing research integrity.
dejar abiertas opciones
newkeep options open
The expression means avoiding a decision that would eliminate future alternatives.
Useful in debates about irreversible choices.
Key words
Vocabulary that carries the school-day topic.
Warming
calentamiento
warming
An increase in temperature; here it refers to the Martian environment.
Central vocabulary in climate and terraforming discussions.
Contamination
contaminación
contamination
The introduction of material or organisms that can alter or compromise an environment or investigation.
Essential in planetary protection policy.
Samples
muestras
samples
Small quantities collected for scientific analysis.
Important for reading about missions that return material to Earth.
Threshold
umbral
threshold
A defined level that must be reached before an action is allowed.
Useful in policy and risk assessment.
Reversibility
reversibilidad
reversibility
The possibility of undoing a decision or restoring an earlier state.
Key vocabulary for ethical evaluation.
Stewardship
custodia
stewardship, custody
Responsibility for protecting and managing something entrusted to a person or institution.
Useful in governance and environmental ethics.
Grammar in context
Patterns from the text worth noticing after reading.
Concession with por muy
Por muy remota que parezca
however remote it may seem
Por muy plus adjective and que takes the subjunctive to concede a point without changing the conclusion.
Useful for acknowledging an objection elegantly.
Concession with aun cuando
Aun cuando no se haya confirmado
even though it has not been confirmed
The compound subjunctive se haya confirmado presents an unconfirmed circumstance.
Useful for discussing incomplete evidence.
Hypothetical condition
Si se liberara una gran cantidad de gases, habría que evaluar si la intervención podría revertirse
if a large amount of gas were released, it would be necessary to assess whether the intervention could be reversed
The imperfect subjunctive liberara introduces the hypothesis, while habría que evaluar and podría revertirse express the conditional evaluation.
Useful for evaluating imagined policies.
El hecho de que plus subjunctive
El hecho de que hoy no tengamos una prueba
the fact that today we have no proof
El hecho de que introduces a proposition considered as part of a wider argument, here with no tengamos.
Useful for challenging a conclusion drawn from one fact.
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