XXXVIII. Cómo llegamos con todos los navíos á San Juan de Ulúa
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An eyewitness chronicle of Mexico for C2
Bernal Díaz del Castillo, 1862
Bernal Díaz del Castillo’s complete chronicle, not an adaptation (the printed text behind this edition is from 1862-1863; the book was first printed in 1632). In the catalog it is C2: about 372,400 words and 96 words per sentence on average. 212 chapters in which a soldier of Hernán Cortés, writing as an old man, recalls the voyages from Cuba, the march to Mexico and the years that followed, told from the Spanish side.
Earlier
At B2 sentences of 80 to 130 words will wear you out: a chain of clauses with “y”, “é” and “que” loses its subject, and old forms like trujeron, desque and dende need unpacking.
C1This text
You can manage it at C2 by cutting each long sentence at its “y” and “que”: the vocabulary is plain and concrete, with 6.6% long words. Chapters run from about 300 to 8,200 words, and the closing ones are lighter.
Check this passageThe average sentence has 96 words, the highest in the Spanish catalog: Don Quixote has 43 and the Exemplary Novels 49, the longest of the other C2 books. Sentence length alone sets C2 here, because the old soldier chains clauses with “y”, “é” and “que” in one breath, and the 1862 printing keeps those long periods. Long words are not the problem: 6.6%, about one in fifteen, which is below most C1 books, so the vocabulary is plain and concrete. Old spellings and forms (trujeron, desque, dende) add some work. The difficulty is uneven: chapters 1-125 average about 80 words per sentence, chapters 126-200 about 128, and the closing chapters 201-212 about 58. Hence C2. This is the catalog’s assessment, not a certificate.
Imprenta de Tejado, 1862. Project Gutenberg
Writing as an old man in Guatemala, Bernal Díaz recalls how he sailed from Castile in 1514 and joined the expeditions that left Cuba for Yucatán and the Gulf coast. In 1519 he sets out with Hernán Cortés. He tells of the founding of Veracruz, the alliances with Cempoal and Tlaxcala, the road to Tenochtitlan and the first meetings with Montezuma, the quarrels inside the Spanish camp and the rival expedition of Narváez, and then years of further campaigns and journeys. Why he wrote it, and how the conquest of Mexico ends, is not revealed here.
XXXVIII. Cómo llegamos con todos los navíos á San Juan de Ulúa
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LXXXVIII. Del gran recebimiento que nos hizo el gran Montezuma
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Choose an underlined word.
A sentence like this chains actions with “y” and “que”. Cut it at each “y”: the soldier’s helmet, Tendile’s remark, Montezuma’s pleasure, Cortés’s request. Read in these pieces, the subject stays clear.
Here the pronoun is attached to the verb: víamoslo is víamos + lo, “we saw it all”. Detach the ending, read the verb first, then the pronoun, and the long list of sights that follows is easier to keep in order.
The book stays free on every plan. Reader, €1 a month, removes the daily limit on words and sentences.
€1 a month
When the soldiers first see the causeway into Mexico (chapter LXXXVIII), one sentence runs past a hundred words: “Y de que vimos cosas tan admirables, no sabiamos qué nos decir…”. Translating the whole sentence in Reader keeps its thread.
ReaderIt is the original, not a learner’s abridgement: Bernal Díaz del Castillo’s complete chronicle, all 212 chapters from his departure from Castile to his closing reflections. The reader follows the Madrid edition printed by Imprenta de Tejado in 1862-1863, in three volumes joined into one text, without the editor’s prologue, notes and index; the text comes from Project Gutenberg (ebooks 64945-64947). The book was first printed in 1632 and the author died in 1584. The cover shows the title page of that 1632 edition, not the edition behind the text.
The True History has no audiobook on MovaReader: here the chronicle is read on screen. The translation appears when you tap a word, and you will need it most for old forms and soldiers’ terms such as desque, trujeron or rescatar.
Yes, with the Reader plan. Here it helps in almost every paragraph, since sentences average 96 words: for example “Y de que vimos cosas tan admirables, no sabiamos qué nos decir…” in chapter LXXXVIII, on the first sight of Mexico. Without the plan, single words are translated up to the daily limit.
The whole chronicle takes about 62-103 hours: the pace of someone reading with translation of new words, slower than a native speaker’s. It is long: 212 chapters, from about 300 to 8,200 words and 1,750 on average, so most chapters take an evening or less.
Not steadily. Chapters 1-125 average about 80 words per sentence, the middle part (chapters 126-200, from the fighting in Mexico through the later expeditions) about 128, and the closing chapters 201-212 about 58. Chapter CCV, a run of short portraits of the captains and soldiers, is lighter still, at about 31 words per sentence.
Yes. Once you sign in, the reader keeps your last place and the words you opened, so you can come back to the chronicle every evening where you left off. Any of the 212 chapters also opens from the contents on this page, for example chapter I, which begins with the author’s departure from Castile.