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CHAPTER XII . Conception , 459 The sense of sameness , 459 . Conception defined , 461 . Conceptions are unchangeable , 464 . Abstract ideas , 468 . Universals , 473 . The conception ' of the same ' is not the ' same state ' of mind , 480 . CHAPTER XIII . Discrimination and Comparison , 483 Locke on discrimination , 483 . Martineau ditto , 484 . Simultaneous sensations originally fuse into one object , 488 . The principle of mediate comparison , 489 . Not all differences are differences of composition , 490 . The conditions of discrimination , 494 . The sensation of difference , 495 . The transcendentalist theory of the perception of differences uncalled for , 498 . The process of analysis , 502 . The process of abstraction , 505 . The improvement of discrimination by practice , 508 . Its two causes , 510 . Practical interests limit our discrimination , 515 . Reaction - time after discrimination , 523 . The perception of likeness , 528 . The magnitude of differences , 530 . The measurement of discriminative [ Pg xii ] sensibility : Weber's law , 533 . Fechner's interpretation of this as the psycho - physic law , 537 . Criticism thereof , 545 . CHAPTER XIV . Association , 550 The problem of the connection of our thoughts , 550 . It depends on mechanical conditions , 553 . Association is of objects thought of , not of ' ideas , ' 554 . The rapidity of association , 557 . The ' law of contiguity , ' 561 . The elementary law of association , 566 . Impartial redintegration , 569 . Ordinary or mixed association , 571 . The law of interest , 572 . Association by similarity , 578 . Elementary expression of the difference between the three kinds of association , 581 . Association in voluntary thought , 583 . Similarity no elementary law , 590 . History of the doctrine of association , 594 . CHAPTER XV . The Perception of Time , 605 The sensible present , 606 . Its duration is the primitive time - perception , 608 . Accuracy of our estimate of short durations , 611 . We have no sense for empty time , 619 . Variations of our time - estimate , 624 . The feeling of past time is a present feeling , 627 . Its cerebral process , 632 . CHAPTER XVI . Memory , 643 Primary memory , 643 . Analysis of the phenomenon of memory , 648 . Retention and reproduction are both caused by paths of association in the brain , 653 . The conditions of goodness in memory , 659 . Native retentiveness is unchangeable , 663 . All improvement of memory consists in better thinking , 667 . Other conditions of good memory , 669 . Recognition , or the sense of familiarity , 673 . Exact measurements of memory , 676 . Forgetting , 679 . Pathological cases , 681 . Professor Ladd criticised , 687 . INDEX . [ Pg 1 ] PSYCHOLOGY . CHAPTER I . THE SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY . Psychology is the Science of Mental Life , both of its phenomena and of their conditions . The phenomena are such things as we call feelings , desires , cognitions , reasonings , decisions , and the like ; and , superficially considered , their variety and complexity is such as to leave a chaotic impression on the observer . The most natural and consequently the earliest way of unifying the material was , first , to classify it as well as might be , and , secondly , to affiliate the diverse mental modes thus found , upon a simple entity , the personal Soul , of which they are taken to be so many facultative manifestations . Now , for instance , the Soul manifests its faculty of Memory , now of Reasoning , now of Volition , or again its Imagination or its Appetite . This is the orthodox ' spiritualistic ' theory of scholasticism and of common - sense . Another and a less obvious way of unifying the chaos is to seek common elements in the divers mental facts rather than a common agent behind them , and to explain them constructively by the various forms of arrangement of these elements , as one explains houses by stones and bricks .
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