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[ 123 ] The nature of the movement also seems to make it vary . Mr . B . I . Gilman and I reacted to the same signal by simply raising our hand , and again by carrying our hand towards our back . The moment registered was always that at which the hand broke an electric contact in starting to move . But it started one or two hundredths of a second later when the more extensive movement was the one to be made . Orchansky , on the other hand , experimenting on contractions of the masseter muscle , found ( Archiv f . ( Anat . u . ) Physiol . , 1889 , p . 187 ) that the greater the amplitude of contraction intended , the shorter grew the time of reaction . He explains this by the fact that a more ample contraction makes a greater appeal to the attention , and that this shortens the times . [ 124 ] Physiol . Psych . , ii , 223 . [ 125 ] François - Franck , Fonctions Motrices , Leçon xxii . [ 126 ] La Paura ( 1884 ) , p . 117 . [ 127 ] Ueber den Kreislauf des Blutes im menschlichen Gehirn ( 1881 ) , chap . ii . The Introduction gives the history of our previous knowledge of the subject . [ 128 ] In this conclusion M . Gley ( Archives de Physiologie , 1881 , p . 742 ) agrees with Professor Mosso . Gley found his pulse rise 1 - 3 beats , his carotid dilate , and his radial artery contract during hard mental work . [ 129 ] Address before Med . and Chirurg . Society of Maryland , 1879 . [ 130 ] See his book ; " Experimental Researches on the Regional Temperature of the Head " ( London , 1879 ) . [ 131 ] Loc . cit . p . 195 . [ 132 ] The most convenient account of Schiff's experiments is by Prof . Hierzen , in the Revue Philosophique , vol . iii , p . 36 . [ 133 ] A New Study of Cerebral Cortical Localization ( N . Y . , Putnam , 1880 ) , pp . 48 - 53 . [ 134 ] Archives of Medicine , vol . x , No . 1 ( 1883 ) . [ 135 ] Without multiplying references , I will simply cite Mendel ( Archiv f . Psychiatrie , vol . iii , 1871 ) , Mairet ( Archives de Neurologie , vol . ix , 1885 ) , and Beaunis ( Rech . Expérimentales sur l'Activité Cérébrale , 1887 ) . Richet gives a partial bibliography in the Revue Scientifique , vol . 38 , p . 788 ( 1886 ) . [ Pg 104 ] CHAPTER IV . [ 136 ] HABIT . When we look at living creatures from an outward point of view , one of the first things that strike us is that they are bundles of habits . In wild animals , the usual round of daily behavior seems a necessity implanted at birth ; in animals domesticated , and especially in man , it seems , to a great extent , to be the result of education . The habits to which there is an innate tendency are called instincts ; some of those due to education would by most persons be called acts of reason . It thus appears that habit covers a very large part of life , and that one engaged in studying the objective manifestations of mind is bound at the very outset to define clearly just what its limits are .
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