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[ 136 ] This chapter has already appeared in the Popular Science Monthly for February 1887 . [ 137 ] In the sense above explained , which applies to inner structure as well as to outer form . [ 138 ] Revue Philosophique , i , 324 . [ 139 ] Some paths , to be sure , are banked up by bodies moving through them under too great pressure , and made impervious . These special cases we disregard . [ 140 ] We cannot say the will , for , though many , perhaps most , human habits were once voluntary actions , no action , as we shall see in a later chapter , can be primarily such . While an habitual action may once have been voluntary , the voluntary action must before that , at least once , have been impulsive or reflex . It is this very first occurrence of all that we consider in the text . [ 141 ] Those who desire a more definite formulation may consult J . Fiske's ' Cosmic Philosophy , ' vol . ii , pp . 142 - 146 and Spencer's ' Principles of Biology , ' sections 302 and 303 , and the part entitled ' Physical Synthesis ' of his ' Principles of Psychology . ' Mr . Spencer there tries , not only to show how new actions may arise in nervous systems and form new reflex arcs therein , but even how nervous tissue may actually be born by the passage of new waves of isometric transformation through an originally indifferent mass . I cannot help thinking that Mr . Spencer's data , under a great show of precision , conceal vagueness and improbability , and even self - contradiction . [ 142 ] ' Mental Physiology ' ( 1874 ) pp . 339 - 345 . [ 143 ] [ See , later , Masius in Van Benedens ' and Van Bambeke's ' Archives de Biologie , ' vol . i ( Liège , 1880 ) . — W . J . ] [ 144 ] G . H . Schneider : ' Der menschliche Wille ' ( 1882 ) , pp . 417 - 419 ( freely translated ) . For the drain - simile , see also Spencer's ' Psychology , ' part v , chap . viii . [ 145 ] Physiology of Mind , p . 155 . [ 146 ] Carpenter's ' Mental Physiology ' ( 1874 ) , pp . 217 , 218 . [ 147 ] Von Hartmann devotes a chapter of his ' Philosophy of the Unconscious ' ( English translation , vol . i , p . 72 ) to proving that they must be both ideas and unconscious . [ 148 ] ' Mental Physiology , ' p . 20 . [ 149 ] ' Der menschliche Wille , ' pp . 447 , 448 . [ 150 ] ' Der menschliche Wille , ' p . 439 . The last sentence is rather freely translated — the sense is unaltered . [ 151 ] Huxley's ' Elementary Lessons in Physiology , ' lesson xii . [ 152 ] See the admirable passage about success at the outset , in his Handbuch der Moral ( 1878 ) , pp . 38 - 43 . [ 153 ] J . Bahnsen : ' Beiträge zu Charakterologie ' ( 1867 ) , vol i , p . 209 . [ 154 ] See for remarks on this subject a readable article by Miss V . Scudder on ' Musical Devotees and Morals , ' in the Andover Review for January . 1887 . [ Pg 128 ] CHAPTER V . THE AUTOMATON - THEORY . In describing the functions of the hemispheres a short way back , we used language derived from both the bodily and the mental life , saying now that the animal made indeterminate and unforeseeable reactions , and anon that he was swayed by considerations of future good and evil ; treating his hemispheres sometimes as the seat of memory and ideas in the psychic sense , and sometimes talking of them as simply a complicated addition to his reflex machinery . This sort of vacillation in the point of view is a fatal incident of all ordinary talk about these questions ; but I must now settle my scores with those readers to whom I already dropped a word in passing ( see Footnote 6 ) and who have probably been dissatisfied with my conduct ever since .
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