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B2 · Theory

Spanish unreal conditionals: si tuviera, si hubiera tenido

Spanish marks an unlikely or unreal condition with a subjunctive after **si** and a conditional in the main clause: **Si tuviera tiempo, viajaría más** ("If I had time, I would travel more"). For the unreal past it uses the pluperfect subjunctive and the conditional perfect: **Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado** ("If I had studied, I would have passed").

B2 Time, mood, and perspective ·

The main rule

Real condition: si + present (Si llueve, me quedo). Unlikely or unreal now or later: si + imperfect subjunctive + conditional (Si lloviera, me quedaría). Unreal past: si + pluperfect subjunctive + conditional perfect (Si hubiera llovido, me habría quedado). The conditional never goes after si: the verb after si is the subjunctive, and the conditional belongs to the main clause.

The three patterns

Real, unlikely and unreal past
TypeAfter siMain clauseExample
real, possiblepresent indicativepresent, future, imperativeSi tengo tiempo, viajo / viajaré / viaja
unlikely or unreal now or laterimperfect subjunctive (tuviera)conditional (viajaría)Si tuviera tiempo, viajaría más
unreal pastpluperfect subjunctive (hubiera tenido)conditional perfect (habría viajado)Si hubiera tenido tiempo, habría viajado más

English and Spanish

English teachers call these the second and third conditionals, and English puts "would" in the result and a plain past form after "if": "if I had time, I would travel". That past form looks like tenía, and the "would" tempts you to copy it after si too. Spanish does neither: after si it needs the subjunctive, so si tuviera, never *si tenía and never *si tendría. For "if I had had" the pattern repeats one step back: si hubiera tenido, not *si había tenido and not *si habría tenido. "Would" appears only once in Spanish, in the main clause, as the conditional (viajaría) or, for the past, the conditional perfect (habría viajado).

Forms

The si-clause and the main clause (yo)
Infinitivesi + imperfect subjunctivesi + pluperfect subjunctiveconditionalconditional perfect
tenertuvierahubiera tenidotendríahabría tenido
ser, irfuerahubiera sido, hubiera idosería, iríahabría sido, habría ido
hacerhicierahubiera hechoharíahabría hecho
decirdijerahubiera dichodiríahabría dicho
vervierahubiera vistoveríahabría visto
ponerpusierahubiera puestopondríahabría puesto
volvervolvierahubiera vueltovolveríahabría vuelto
escribirescribierahubiera escritoescribiríahabría escrito
sabersupierahubiera sabidosabríahabría sabido

The imperfect subjunctive comes from ellos of the indefinido, as in the previous topic, and nosotros keeps its written accent: tuviéramos, hubiéramos tenido. The pluperfect subjunctive is hubiera, hubieras, hubiera, hubiéramos, hubierais, hubieran plus the participle; remember the irregular ones (hecho, dicho, visto, puesto, vuelto, escrito, roto, abierto).

Real or unlikely: the speaker decides

The difference between si llueve and si lloviera is not grammar but the speaker's view. If the speaker thinks it is quite possible, Spanish uses the present: Si llueve mañana, nos quedamos en casa. If the speaker thinks it is unlikely, or knows it is not true, it uses the imperfect subjunctive: Si lloviera mañana, nos quedaríamos en casa; Si tuviera coche, te llevaría (I have no car). The second form is also the polite way to give advice: Si yo fuera tú, aceptaría.

One thing stays correct with the present: a suggestion with a conditional of poder or deber. Si quieres, podríamos ir al cine and Si tienes tiempo, deberías verla are standard, because the speaker treats the condition as real and only softens the result.

The unreal past and mixed conditions

For something that did not happen, use si + pluperfect subjunctive: Si hubiera salido antes, habría llegado a tiempo (I did not leave early, so I was late). The time words decide, so check them: ayer, aquel día, en 2019, el verano pasado point to the pluperfect, ahora, hoy, mañana to the imperfect.

The two halves can have different times. A past condition with a present result uses the pluperfect and the conditional: Si hubiera aceptado aquel trabajo, ahora viviría en Chile. A condition that describes you in general with a past result uses the imperfect and the conditional perfect: Si fuera más prudente, no habría dicho eso.

De + infinitive and como si

De + infinitive can replace a short si-clause and keeps the same meaning: De tener tiempo, iría (= Si tuviera tiempo, iría), De haberlo sabido, habría venido. Como si ("as if") with the pluperfect subjunctive talks about something that did not happen before: Habla como si hubiera estado allí.

Examples

  • Si tuviera tiempo, viajaría más. If I had time, I would travel more.
  • Si me tocara la lotería, dejaría el trabajo. If I won the lottery, I would quit my job.
  • ¿Qué harías si perdieras el vuelo? What would you do if you missed the flight?
  • Si yo fuera tú, hablaría con ella. If I were you, I would talk to her.
  • Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado. If I had studied, I would have passed.
  • Si nos hubiéramos levantado antes, habríamos llegado a tiempo. If we had got up earlier, we would have arrived on time.
  • Si hubiera aceptado aquel trabajo, ahora viviría en Chile. If I had taken that job, I would be living in Chile now.
  • Si fuera más prudente, no habría dicho eso. If he were more careful, he would not have said that.
  • De haberlo sabido, habría venido. Had I known, I would have come.
  • Habla como si hubiera estado allí. He talks as if he had been there.

Two free choices

In the main clause of an unreal past, habría hecho and hubiera hecho are both correct: Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado or hubiera aprobado. After si, the -ra and -se forms are also both correct (tuviera / tuviese, hubiera tenido / hubiese tenido), but -ra is more common. The si-clause can come first or second; when it comes first, a comma follows it (Si tuviera tiempo, viajaría más); after the main clause it needs no comma: Viajaría más si tuviera tiempo.

Common mistakes

  • *Si tendría tiempo, viajaría más. Si tuviera tiempo, viajaría más. no conditional after si; it is heard in some regions but is non-standard
  • *Si tenía tiempo, viajaría más. Si tuviera tiempo, viajaría más. "if I had" needs the subjunctive, not the imperfect
  • *Si había estudiado, habría aprobado. Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado. "if I had studied" is the pluperfect subjunctive
  • *Si habría estudiado, habría aprobado. Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado. would + have is only for the main clause
  • *Si tuviera dinero, compraré un coche. Si tuviera dinero, compraría un coche. the subjunctive after si asks for the conditional
  • *Si tuviera más tiempo ayer, habría ido. Si hubiera tenido más tiempo ayer, habría ido. ayer: unreal past needs the pluperfect
  • *Si hubiera aceptado aquel trabajo, ahora habría vivido en Chile. Si hubiera aceptado aquel trabajo, ahora viviría en Chile. the result is about now (ahora), so the main clause takes the conditional

Questions and answers

What is the difference between the second and third conditional in Spanish?

The second conditional is si tuviera, viajaría for the unlikely or unreal present and future. The third is si hubiera tenido, habría viajado for an unreal past. Both use the subjunctive after si and a conditional in the main clause.

Can I say si tendría in Spanish?

No. You may hear it in some regions, but the standard form has the subjunctive after si: si tuviera. Use the conditional only in the main clause.

Do I say habría or hubiera in the main clause?

Both are correct for a past unreal condition: Si hubiera estudiado, habría aprobado and Si hubiera estudiado, hubiera aprobado. After si, only the pluperfect subjunctive works, hubiera estudiado.

What is the difference between si tuviera and si tuviese?

None in meaning. Tuviera is more common and is the form to learn first; tuviese is the same tense.

How do I say "if I were you" in Spanish?

Si yo fuera tú, followed by a conditional: Si yo fuera tú, hablaría con ella. Never use sería after si.

When do I use si llueve and when si lloviera?

Use si llueve when the condition seems possible and si lloviera when it seems unlikely or is not true. The speaker's view decides, not the time.

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