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A2 · Theory

Spanish preterite irregular verbs: fui, tuve, estuve, hice

Some of the most frequent Spanish verbs are irregular in the preterite (pretérito indefinido): **Ayer fui al cine**, **Anoche tuvimos una fiesta**. They take no written accent, and **fui** is the form of both **ser** and **ir**.

A2 Past, sequence, and narration ·

The main rule

Learn the irregular preterite in groups. Ser and ir share one set: fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron. Tener and estar take -uv-: tuve, estuve. Hacer, querer, poder, poner, venir, decir change their stem: hice, quise, pude, puse, vine, dije. Ver and dar are short: vi, vio, di, dio. None of these forms has a written accent.

Ser and ir: fui, fuiste, fue

Ser and ir in the preterite (the forms are identical)
PersonSer and irExample with ir
IfuiAyer fui al banco.
you (tú)fuiste¿Fuiste a la clase?
he, she, you (usted)fueAna fue a Lima.
wefuimosFuimos a la playa.
you all (vosotros, Spain)fuisteis¿Fuisteis a Madrid?
they, you all (ustedes)fueronMis padres fueron a Sevilla.

Tener and estar: the -uv- group

Tener and estar in the preterite
Persontenerestar
Ituveestuve
you (tú)tuvisteestuviste
he, she, you (usted)tuvoestuvo
wetuvimosestuvimos
you all (vosotros, Spain)tuvisteisestuvisteis
they, you all (ustedes)tuvieronestuvieron

Hacer, ver and dar

Hacer, ver and dar in the preterite
Personhacerverdar
Ihicevidi
you (tú)hicistevistediste
he, she, you (usted)hizoviodio
wehicimosvimosdimos
you all (vosotros, Spain)hicisteisvisteisdisteis
they, you all (ustedes)hicieronvierondieron

A second ring: querer, poder, poner, venir, decir

Five more verbs with a changed stem
Personquererpoderponervenirdecir
Iquisepudepusevinedije
you (tú)quisistepudistepusistevinistedijiste
he, she, you (usted)quisopudopusovinodijo
wequisimospudimospusimosvinimosdijimos
you all (vosotros, Spain)quisisteispudisteispusisteisvinisteisdijisteis
they, you all (ustedes)quisieronpudieronpusieronvinierondijeron

The stem group shares the endings -e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, -ieron, and decir drops the i after j: dijeron, never *dijieron. With querer and poder the meaning shifts: No quise ir is "I refused to go", No pude ir is "I couldn't go" (and I did not go).

What English speakers should notice

English irregular pasts (went, had, did, saw, gave) are memorised one by one, and Spanish ones have to be learned too, but they come in families: the -uv- pair, the stem group with -e and -o, and the short verbs. Learn the families, not 20 separate words.

English also keeps "went" and "was" apart. Spanish uses one form, fui, for both ir ("went") and ser ("was"). And "was" in a place is a third verb: estuve. Compare Fui a Roma (I went to Rome), Estuve en Roma (I was in Rome) and Fui profesor (I was a teacher).

Fui: ser or ir? The context decides

A sentence with fui has only one reading in practice. After a + a place, or after ¿Adónde...?, it is ir: Fui a Roma, ¿Adónde fuiste? With a profession, a quality or a judgement, and in ¿Cómo fue...?, it is ser: Fui profesora, El examen fue muy fácil, ¿Cómo fue el viaje?

To say you were present in a place, use estar, not ser: Anoche estuve en casa, not *Anoche fui en casa. Use estar for a state too: Ayer estuve enfermo todo el día.

Examples

  • Ayer fui al mercado. Yesterday I went to the market.
  • En 2019 mi hermana fue profesora de inglés. In 2019 my sister was an English teacher.
  • El sábado pasado tuvimos una fiesta en casa. Last Saturday we had a party at home.
  • Anoche estuve en casa de Pablo. Last night I was at Pablo's house.
  • Mi padre hizo la cena anoche. My father made dinner last night.
  • Ayer vi a Elena en el centro. Yesterday I saw Elena downtown.
  • La semana pasada dimos un paseo por la playa. Last week we went for a walk on the beach.
  • ¿Cómo fue la clase de ayer? How was yesterday's class?
  • Ayer no pude ir a la clase. I couldn't go to class yesterday.
  • El domingo pasado vinieron mis abuelos a comer. Last Sunday my grandparents came over for lunch.

All the examples use closed past periods: ayer, anoche, la semana pasada, en 2019. In much of Latin America the preterite also covers today (Hoy fui al médico), while in Spain people usually choose another past tense for today, which a later topic covers.

No written accent: compare hablé and fue

The regular yo and él forms carry an accent: hablé, habló, comí, vivió. These irregular forms never do: tuve, tuvo, estuve, hice, hizo, vine, vino, vi, vio, di, dio, fui, fue. The stress falls on the stem, and one-syllable words (fui, fue, vi, vio, di, dio) take no accent by spelling rules. So *fué, *dió and *tuvé are wrong.

Spell hizo with z: a c before o would sound like k, so Spanish writes hizo, not *hiso or *hico.

Check the verb first

With a past marker like ayer, do not use the present. Ask which verb you need (went, was, had, made), pick its family, and write the form without an accent: Ayer tuve una clase, never *Ayer tengo una clase.

Common mistakes

  • Ana fué a Roma. Ana fue a Roma. One-syllable forms take no accent.
  • Mi padre dió una clase. Mi padre dio una clase. Dio has no accent.
  • Ayer tuvé una clase. Ayer tuve una clase. Do not copy the accent of hablé.
  • Ayer Pablo hació la cena. Ayer Pablo hizo la cena. The stem changes: hizo with z.
  • Anoche estuví en casa. Anoche estuve en casa. The ending is -e, as in tuve.
  • Ayer tengo una clase. Ayer tuve una clase. Ayer needs the preterite, not the present.
  • Anoche fui en casa de Pablo. Anoche estuve en casa de Pablo. Being in a place is estar.
  • Mis amigos dijieron la verdad. Mis amigos dijeron la verdad. After j the ending is -eron.

Frequently asked questions

Is fui from ser or ir?

Both. Fui a Roma is ir and Fui profesora is ser; the words around the verb tell you which. The two verbs have the same preterite forms in all six persons.

Why do fue, dio and vio have no accent?

In Spanish spelling, words of one syllable do not take a written accent unless it separates two meanings. Fui, fue, vi, vio, di, dio are one syllable, so no accent.

Is it hizo or hiso?

It is hizo. The stem of hacer is hic- (hice, hicimos), but before o it becomes hiz- to keep the sound.

How do I say "I was in Rome" in the preterite?

Use estar: Estuve en Roma. Fui a Roma means "I went to Rome", and Fui en Roma is wrong.

Is it dijeron or dijieron?

It is dijeron. After the j of the stem, the i of -ieron disappears: dijeron.

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